Li Xue of Cheng and Zhu
Li Xue of Cheng and Zhu
发布时间：2025-02-25 21:56:54
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答案：Li Xueof Chengand Zhu, also known as "Daoismof Cheng&Zhu", wasone of the main and the most influential schools of Li Xue in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Its was set up by Chengyi and Chenghao, spread by such disciples as Yangshi,Luo Congyan and Yangtong,and saw its master Zhuxi, inherited from the school of Zisi and Mencius’ Confucianism. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi determined the highest category of Li Xue, "Tian Li" ,("Tian Li" here is the feudal hierarchical order and moral norms, or the feudal ethics with "three cardinal guides and five constant principles" as the core) and advocated "Lifirst,thingssecondary". Theyconnected Tian Li and moral ethics directly, and put forward the epistemology of "learning from things", that is, everything is reasonable, soknowledge, Liand Tianliare connectedwith each other. As for the method of QiongLi(exploring the final rule), Cheng Hao emphasized "calmness" and "sincerity", and Cheng Yi "respect" and "seeking knowledge from things". Aboutthe theory of human nature, these twoadvocated "preserving the principle of heaven and eliminating the desire of human beings", and made a further explanationto make it more systematic. The emergence of theirtheory marks the formal formation of the system of Li Xue in the Song Dynasty. Cheng Yi paid more attention to Li, and Zhu Xi creatively developed his theory of Li, completed the reform of Li Xue, and finally set up the Li Xue system of Cheng and Zhu,a complete and delicate ideological system of objective idealism.Hehas beenknown as a great master of Confucianism in history, secondaryonly to Confucius and Mencius. He advocated the principle of heaven was the "three cardinal guides and five constant principles" of moral norms, and emphasized"preserving the principle of heaven and eliminating human desires"; the purpose of improving one's self-cultivation through study and practice ("learning from things") is to show the goodness of morality. Hecompiledthe notes offour books and chapters, whichbecame the textbook of the imperial examination for later generations. Zhu Xi applied the proposition of "knowledge is in the form of things" in the Great Learningto explore the theoretical problems in the field of cognition. On the issue of the source of knowledge, henot only talkedabout the transcendentalism of knowledge in life, but also didnot deny the knowledge of watching and hearing. He stressed that Qionglican not be separated from the object, that is, the object can be the exploring of Li. Zhu Xi discussed the relationship between knowledge and action, and believedknowledge comesfirst and then action iss more important than knowledge. From the source of knowledge, knowledge comes first; From the perspective of social effect, behavior is important. Moreover, knowledge and practice interactwith each other, "the more clearly you know, the more confident you will be in practice."; “The more you practice, the more you know.” It could be understood in this way: in order to avoid mutual opposition and controversy among different schools, Li Xue of Cheng and Zhu skillfully integrated, summed up and logicalized different ideas of monarchy and rule respected by different dynasties in different periods of China, absorbing their strong points and complementing their own weak points, forming a set of huge and integrated philosophical system.
